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COURSE CODE 3050402 PG DIPLOMA EXAMINATION - JAN 2009 PGDCA COMPUTER conference AND NETWORK Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:75 Section - A 9. expand ICMP? Internet aver Message Protocol (ICMP) specify by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for communicate error reporting and generating messages that lead attention. The errors describe by ICMP argon generally related to datagram processing. ICMP totally reports errors involving dismantle 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or transmission control protocol form will usually take action form on ICMP messages. ICMP generally belongs to the IP layer of TCP/IP merely relies on IP for support at the net layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated inside IP datagrams. ICMP will report the side by side(p) network information: Timeouts Network over-crowding Network errors much(prenominal) as an unaccessible host or network. The ping look out over is also back up by ICMP, and this can be used to debug networ k problems. 19. a. Explain about congestion control? Congestion Control http://cnx.org/content/m13361/latest/ A technique for observe network habit and manipulating transmission or forwarding grade for data frames to keep traffic levels from overpowering the network medium. It gets its key out because it avoids network traffic jams.[6] In Asynchronous Transfer trend ( aura) networks, congestion control schemes whitethorn be based on fields at warmth the ATM cell header (CLP, EFCI within the PTI) or whitethorn be based on a more sophisticate mechanism between the ATM end-system and ATM switches. The ATM assembly has developed a mechanism based on cast control for Available Bit respect (ABR)-type traffic. In tack together Relay networks, congestion is handled by the FECN, BECN and DE bits. What causes congestion? The assumption that statistical multiplexing can be used to mitigate the link utilization is that the users do not reach their point in clip rat e values simultaneously, but since the traff! ic demands are stochastic and cannot be predicted, congestion is unavoidable....If you want to get a tolerable essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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